** NOTE ** This article is part of the Troutbitten category, Catch and Release Safely.
Modern catch and release has changed the game for trout fishing. Putting them back is the new standard. But understanding how to care for and handle a trout is critical if we are to put them back healthy and ready to fight another day.
Here’s a link to the full collection in this Troutbitten category:
READ: Troutbitten | Category | Catch and Release Safely
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I grew up keeping my catch. My family and I fished over stocked trout in put-and-take fisheries where no trout made it past the warm-water heat of summer or the acid mine drainage of poorly managed bituminous coal mines. We kept trout and filleted them with what seemed to my young eyes the refined artistic skill of a sculptor. Then we fried them in butter. It’s still a favorite family meal.
So reviving a trout after the catch wasn’t really a topic. It wasn’t a skill that we developed. Instead, dispatching them quickly with a wrap on the skull or swiftly snapping a trout’s neck was the method. Yes, even then, I was taught to treat the animal with respect. We did not allow it to suffocate to death over long minutes in a creel or die on a stringer.
I picked up the fly rod in my late teens, because I was intrigued by the late season mayfly hatches. I was surrounded by rising trout that wanted nothing to do with my strung minnows on a double hook. Curiosity for those flies led me to seek out more waters with wild trout. Armed with a fly rod, a newly acquired driver’s license and the family sedan, I began my first real exploration of wild trout rivers.
Catch and release went right along with it. Not only because it was mandated by the state on some of the rivers that I fished, but because it just made sense to return wild trout to their homes. These were resident fish, animals that lived in the river, year after year, for as long as they could make it through whatever curve balls Mother Nature would throw at them. Why should I disrupt that, I figured? Because, if I did want to keep trout, I could fish the put-and-take waters and keep a limit of fish for the table.
Early on, putting a trout back was easy. Catch and release — just how it’s supposed to go. But sooner than later, the odds caught up with me, and I hooked a trout larger than expected. I had no idea how to fight him fast. I just understood that the 5X nylon tippet attached to my Adams dry fly was said to be pretty delicate. So I babied that first big fish for fear of losing him. I remember that I let the freight train take me all the way around a wooded bend on a small river, as I ran through the water after him. When I finally bent the rod hard enough to bring the fish to net, the biggest wild trout I’d ever seen (eighteen inches at that time) was purely exhausted.
READ: Troutbitten | Fly Fishing for Big Trout — How Strong Are Your Tools?
I easily plucked the Adams from his lip. I admired my catch for a moment and released him into the current. Then he promptly turned belly up and floated downriver a few feet before I sheepishly recaptured him in my wooden net.
Now what do I do? I thought. I’d read a thing or two about reviving a trout, so I tried it. Because back in the nineteen-nineties, this was common wisdom. Hook, play and land your trout. Then revive them and put them back. Revival was part of the routine.
So I knelt and cradled the trout in a soft riffle, allowing water to flow through its mouth and over its gills. I supported the big wild fish as it tilted from side to side. It would have gone belly up multiple times without my hands beneath it. And after what seemed a very long time — at least as long as I’d played the trout to such an exhausted state — the fish returned to something more lively. It regained strength, and I could feel its muscles flex and tighten again as I cradled it in cold water. What had seemed like a trout asleep was now a trout waking up. So I let him go.
He swam upstream and turned into stronger currents that pushed him sideways a bit. He faltered, and I saw the white of his belly one last time. Then he righted himself and swam off downstream, out of sight.
At the time, I assumed that my trout made it through that event and swam away to live a good long life. These days, I doubt the truth in that assumption.
Reviving a trout was once taught as part of the routine. But we don’t hear that so much anymore. Because the idea of playing a trout to the point of exhaustion, so much that you have to help him regain balance and breath, is mostly a thing of the past. And that’s a good thing.
Why?
Because if you have to revive a trout, it’s probably too late.
Science and Reason
I’m not going to make a long and detailed argument about this. No, I don’t have a scientific study to back my claim in full. And I don’t really know that any have been done. But there’s enough science out there regarding lactic acid in a stressed trout. So have a good read, if you like. (Go HERE.)
Has anyone tracked trout that go belly up the first time you release them to see if they make it very long after a revival and a second release? I doubt it. But do we really need that study? Doesn’t it make sense to play the trout hard and fast in the first place? Shouldn’t we choose water that’s cold enough for trout to make it through the process of catch and release? And can’t we limit the unhooking and handling time to a minimum?
Yes. We can do all of that. And if we do, we will rarely push a trout to the kind of exhausted state that threatens its life.
** Fish cold water, Fight ’em fast. Handle gently. Release quickly **
But what’s all this about a trout revival anyway?
Photo by Bill Dell
Reviving a Trout
There’s a lot of nuance to a topic like this. So here’s what I mean by reviving a trout . . .
If a fish released back to the water cannot support itself upright, then reviving it might be necessary. If it falters from side to side or cannot swim properly, then it needs more recovery time before heading back to the kinds of currents that most river trout live in.
First, I’m making the argument that we should avoid exhausting a trout to the point where they need such a recovery time.
But when bad things happen, here’s how to revive a trout:
— Keep the trout in the net (a good one), or cradle the fish under the water. Never squeeze a fish.
— Hold the trout with its nose facing upstream, in clean, cold water with some flow.
— Watch for the trout’s gills to work. Don’t allow the net to block the gills or place your hands over those gills.
— Support the trout gently, so it doesn’t tilt and falter side to side or go belly up. This is really your main job — to help the trout hold a position long enough to recover.
— Watch and feel for signs of the trout recovering. And when it attempts to swim away, let it go.
After that, all you can do is hope for the best.
Do not push, pull or pump the trout through the water during revival. Trout don’t need water going backward through their gills. They just need clean, cold water going into their mouth and past their gills to extract the needed oxygen.
Exhausting Them?
Remember this: You do not have to exhaust a trout to land it.
Sure, the bigger ones may need to tire a bit, before they cooperate enough to guide them into the net (especially on lighter tackle.)
But experienced anglers routinely land top tier fish (Whiskeys and Namers) in well under a minute — often under half a minute. No I’m not exaggerating. It’s really all about fighting fish fast. It’s a mindset.
The survival of a trout after you put them back has everything to do with the speed that it’s landed and released. Speed is the critical factor. Minimize your time with the trout.
READ: Troutbitten | Category | Fighting Big Fish
Photo by Bill Dell
What Exhausts a Trout in the First Place?
If we wish to avoid the need for revival, then let’s avoid the following things that push a trout too far.
— Fishing in water that is too warm. As water temps rise, so does a trout’s demand for oxygen. And yet, there’s less dissolved oxygen in warm water. Keep that in mind.
— Overplaying the trout. Don’t have it strung out on a line too long. Extended fights exhaust trout. So fight ‘em fast.
— Poor handling. Squeezing is always bad. And I’ve written previously about the inexperienced angler’s bad habit of squeezing the heart. (It’s extremely common in photos.)
— Unhooking troubles. A lot of over-exhaustion happens while removing the hook. We simply must be ready to quickly dispatch the hook from the trout. Keep it barbless. Have hemostats at the ready, and get that hook out efficiently. (Try inverting the trout to keep it calm.)
— Too much air time. Limit the trout’s time out of the water. Try for hook removal under the water when possible. If you opt for a picture, aim for just five seconds out of the water. Again, I’m not exaggerating here. Keep the trout in the net with its gills moving in cold water, while you prepare the camera. Get set, lift the trout for five seconds and put it back.
** Fish cold water, Fight em fast. Handle gently. Release quickly **
Given that all of these principles are followed, there is nothing wrong with a five second photo shoot.
Furthermore, trout landed within these guidelines have no need for revival. Instead, they swim away quickly upon release.
READ: Troutbitten | Are We Taking the Safety of Trout Too Far?
READ: Troutbitten | Their Heart in Your Hands
PODCAST: Troutbitten | S1 Ep2 How To Handle a Trout — Safe Catch and Release
Lastly . . .
When trout come to the net exhausted, there’s every reason to believe that these fish don’t make it — yes, even after we spend time reviving the trout and watch them swim off. (Look up the lactic acid factor again.)
Of course we will revive a trout in the unfortunate circumstances where it’s necessary. Bad luck happens. But we should avoid any need for revival.
I’d much rather fight a fish fast and hard, even risking break-off, than risk the health of a top tier fish.
I’m not saying don’t revive a trout. I’m saying that if reviving a trout is part of your regular process, you’re probably doing something wrong.
Fish hard, friends.
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Enjoy the day.
Domenick Swentosky
T R O U T B I T T E N
domenick@troutbitten.com
Fighting trout hard and fast was made much easier for me when I decided to fish almost exclusively with a minimum tippet size of 4X. On very rare occasions I will drop down to 5X but only in low flows and cool/cold water. I’m a DFO angler and I have no trouble avoiding drag by simply going with long a (14′ – 18′) leader/tippet. Combine long and strong with side pressure and the numerous other fish fighting tips found here and even a large trout is in the net in no time. Speaking of nets, the right choice can really help speed up the fight as well by opting for larger hoop size and a longer handle.
Great thoughts, there, Rick.
Cheers.
Dom
With the caveat that we each have different factors concerning watershed and species to consider, here in Oregon on the Deschutes I go almost exclusively to 5x for tippet strength at the end of my mono rod setup. I can net most fish within the same timeframe as with 4x and when I hook the occasional larger fish, I can more easily deliberately break it off if the fight is becoming too lengthy. Also makes it easier to quickly break off when I nymph up the occasional steelhead. (Not like I ever really have a choice.)
Keep up the good work, Dom! Loving the dialogue lately.
Right on, Jim
Dom
In my opinion the biggest detriment to fish survival is the photo op. When it becomes more important to ensure the survival of the fish, instead of bragging to one’s friends on Facebook, the chances of fish making it through will be greatly improved. Keep Em Wet!!
Hi Sal.
I respectfully disagree. I’ve written about this a good bit, so I won’t go into it much in this comment section.
https://troutbitten.com/2021/08/22/are-we-taking-the-safety-of-trout-too-far/
Not everyone is taking a pic just to brag on Facebook. Fish photos are the grand compromise of catch and release. People want to document their catch, for many reasons, and there’s nothing wrong with that at ALL, as long as it’s done carefully.
Fish cold water. Fight ’em fast. Handle gently. Release quickly.
Cheers.
Dom
” . . . as long as it’s done carefully.”
And therein lies the problem. If even 25% of fish captured in grip and grins are out of the water too long, that amounts to astounding potential harm to the resource. Fish pics with no water in the frame suggest that “time out of water” was not a consideration.
Rick, I know that you think the average angler cannot be trusted to take a photo. I disagree, and I’ve already been through this in the other article:
Are We Taking the Safety of Trout Too Far?
https://troutbitten.com/2021/08/22/are-we-taking-the-safety-of-trout-too-far/
The key is education, not moving the goalposts further and further. Because if you’re telling people they can’t take photos, the next thing is that they shouldn’t be dragging a fish around through the water on a hook in the first place.
Enjoy the day.
Dom
I think the vast majority of anglers try to handle, photograph, and release trout responsibly and safely. Its not a matter of not trusting people, just that it requires a lot of experience to safely and quickly pose with a slippery, strong, wiggling/writhing fish desperate to get away; and even with experience, things can go south fast. I’d like a nickel for every trout that spent time flopping around the bottom of a drift boat or has been squeezed into submission bankside. (Hook removal may be a more critical piece than picture taking). I would never suggest that we prohibit anglers from taking fish pictures, it just makes a lot of sense to make the ‘in the water’ shot the norm. The recent September-20 Orvis photography contest will not accept pictures of fish that are held out of the water. Now I know you think that this is going overboard, but I happen to think that its the right message at a critical time. This is all part of the positive evolution of the sport, and certainly would help to eliminate the overstressing of fish that might otherwise need reviving. Your influence over the sport is significant and your message is properly nuanced, but its a sound bite crowd out there with many who simply hear what they want.
I don’t mean to belabor this point but I really feel that the current combination of environmental and recreational stressors on our trout rivers require more protection then ever. And the positive PR that comes with type of fish handling protections being discussed here should not be underestimated. Better optics help our image and the practices that form them will certainly help the trout.
Cheers!
That’s a fine summary of your point, Rick. I appreciated your perspective.
As you know, I disagree with it very much. We’ve gone far enough in the safety of trout, and I won’t support any steps further.
You say it’s not a matter of trusting people, but I think it is. You don’t trust that the average angler can handle a trout. I believe they can. And I’ll choose education over more restrictions.
Lastly, if angler handling has been so bad through the years in pressured waters, where’s the data that shows how the trout population is suffering because of it? I believe there is none. And around here, our trout population is doing better than ever, according to fish commission stats, despite having more angling pressure than ever. I’m tired of seeing anglers, especially beginners, painted as the villain, based on speculation and upon the whims of the been there done that crowd.
Cheers.
Dom
I agree with this article and very much agree a good scientific study needs to be done. That said, I do think reviving can work, but I am not convinced it works as often as we think.
This past season, I caught a larger trout (16-17 inches or so) after a longer fight than I would have liked. I released it and it went belly up. I ran down stream and netted it again. Then I “revived” it just as the article outlined. The fish swam off but did get taken downstream in the faster current until it came to rest under a fallen tree. I could still see the fish and it stayed there all day, I checked on it before I leaving leaving for home. At the end of the day I saw it swimming in and out of the current, so it survived at least a few hours after being caught. With that, I appears reviving can work but who knows what happened after those few hours.
Nice article and thoughts. I look forward to seeing a study.
I think reviving works too. No doubt, it works sometimes. Maybe a lot of times.
Cheers.
Dom
Just as we changed modern thinking to Catch & Release from Catch & Kill we need to now change our thinking of what counts as a caught fish. As a guide I get too many clients who think they have to get the fish in the net for it to count towards the days total. I try to teach them that they “don’t have to pet every fish” and that the best fish is the one that comes off the hook at your feet, just as you are about to net it (you don’t have to touch that slimy thing).
The fun in fly fishing is in fooling the fish to eat and then fighting the fish (the tug is the drug). Handling the fish is one step that we can do away with for all the average size fish we catch in a season. When we catch a trophy fish and want a photo, great – – – keep it wet and take one of the new stylish photographs releasing the fish. No more grip and grins.
Wild fish are a valuable resource that we should work very hard to protect.
FlyFish970
“Don’t have to pet every fish.” Ha. I like that.
I’m with you until you said no more grip and grins. I have no problem with an angler wanting to document their catch like that. As long as the trout is handled well, who cares?
More of those thoughts here:
https://troutbitten.com/2021/08/22/are-we-taking-the-safety-of-trout-too-far/
Cheers.
Dom
i’ve been a hardcore coldwater fly fisher for 60+ years and worked in the fish and wildlife conservation profession for 43 years in five westerns states and in Alaska for the the last 26 years. I’ve handled, ate and released alot of trout, steelhead and salmon in wild rivers and trout hatcheries. You are EXACTLY correct about landing protocol for fish that you intend to release. End of story. Personally I rarely take time anymore to photo or count coup. I don’t touch fish, never remove fish from the water after netting and release them with forceps, pliers or quick release devices. Thanks for publishing this. Fish now … sleep next winter.
Thanks, Richard.
Dom
Your mantra….** Fish cold water, Fight ’em fast. Handle gently. Release quickly **…. is pretty much it in a nutshell. Of course each one of those dictums can be expounded upon, as you do in this and other articles. I myself add (mentally) a couple more notes. Those are “handle gently (with WET hands)”, and “release quickly” (with whatever tool/technique you are PRACTICED with to do so efficiently and reliably). On that last note, I’m a big fan/user of the Ketchum Release tool. They are stupidly pricey for what they are, but I can dehook most of my fish super fast and clean, and most times I never have to touch the fish at all (and yes, I only use barbless hooks if I don’t intend to keep or eat).
Really good points on fighting to exhaustion. Agree completely.
One of the old time Missouri River guides taught me another technique for the open Mo with hot big fish. For the big ones, after their initial run, he suggested a steady calm retrieve allowing the fish to stay near the bottom as it’s being landed. It’s amazing that they will allow themselves to be reeled in without being spent and fighting to exhaustion. An idea for another way to avoid exhausting the fish…. Thanks for your coverage of important topics.
Interesting. I’m going to try this technique next time I’m on the water. Cheers.
The very last fish I caught (three days ago) felt like a freaking monster. He wouldn’t be moved. I slowly cranked him in, and saw why. Poor fellow was buried under a mountain of weeds. I netted him, cleaned him off, and had to spend a lot of time reviving him, until he fled the net.
Good stuff
With the new Fluorocarbon Leaders, there’s no excuse for over playing fish. There’s plenty of information on YouTube and here on Troutbitten on how to land fish quickly. You owe it to the fish to learn how to do it right.
Agreed
Your thoughts are right on in so many ways. I would only add regarding fighting them fast before the release that the size of rod you use plays a lot into that process. My first fish on a famous river took me 20 minutes to land with a 5 wt rod. Shortly thereafter I broke the rod and had to replace it. That began a long time conversion to all 6 wt fly rods for trout. Once hooked I ask no quarter and give no quarter. I try to get the fish into the net as soon as I can. The fish is not taken out of the net or out of the water. The barbless hook comes out quite quickly (99% of the time) and I am able to release the fish. I do not need a picture other than the one in mind and I am quickly preparing for the next cast.
The 6wt is over matched for small stream fishing, but for rivers with nice size trout it is fine. I have landed small steelhead here on the west coast and I have handled decent size fish in stillwaters. I am either going to land the fish quickly to allow it recover or land it quickly so I do not lose it if I am keeping fish for dinner from a planted lake.
Hi Clint,
I’m glad that you have a system that works for you, and I would not try to change that. I will say, for the benefit of anyone else reading this, that I do not need a 6 weight rod to fight big trout very fast. I land 20-24 inch trout in under a minute usually, on both 4 weights and 3 weights. It’s very much a matter how how we fight them, and not so much the rod weight.
I have a full collection of articles for fighting trout fast.
https://troutbitten.com/tag/fighting-fish/
Hope that helps.
Cheers.
Dom
I stopped taking fish pix because a) I got tired of dropping the camera in the drink and replacing it and b) one photo of a fish in a net looks a hell of a lot like the next one.
I rarely go lighter than 4X and I get ’em in fast.
I am not dismayed if a fish spits the hook. Perhaps this is a rationalization, but I prefer to think of this not as a failure to seal the deal on my part, but as “compassionate release.”
Do you notice that some trout fight harder in some rivers? You can land fish in the Owyhee river in Oregon and the Boise River here in town very quickly. even namers and whiskeys. But the fish in Silver Creek and the fish in the south fork at the Boise below Anderson in Dam are totally different animals. Do you think the temperature of the water makes a difference? Or why is it in some rivers you can land them quickly, and not in others?
Here is a tip I picked up from one of my local guides. On smaller fish, grab the line with one hand, slightly lift the fish out of the water and slide your opposite thumb and pointer finger down to the hook and rotate it out of the fishes mouth, eliminating the need to even touch the fish or net it.
It’s not probably too late. It is too late. There is a fisheries professor at the University of Ottawa who has done studies on rainbows. The mortality rate for “revived” fish is, if I remember correctly, over 80%. That has to be even worse for browns and brookies.
I think I once heard Bill Dell of the Troutbitten crew say that he fishes with 3X tippet. I don’t buy the argument that heavier tippet spooks fish. Maybe in some situations but not for the most part.
Agreed
Great article and thanks for the timely reminder. I’d love to see the “end the fight quickly” follow up.
That stuff is there for you. Please follow the links in the article above. There’s a whole category for fighting fish.
Hi,
I apologise for English in advance, it is not my native language.
The topic of exhausting trout in playing it is largely mystified, and lactic acid became in common fly fishermen same harmful, if not truly toxic as a deadly venom.
Of course that trout is to play as quick as possible, when that is possible. If one snagged a tough fish, however, that is not possible. Then, he (or she) can rest it after a while, at the firs pause of tout’s taking of line. In time, with the patient reeling line between resting iterations, the fish will come eventually to landing net in quite a fine condition. Tired, but not exhausted. I have had plenty of them resting right beside my feet in a slow current inshore before they slowly moved toward the stronger flowing midstream currents. All the time in the proper, upward position.
Likewise, when electrofishing brown trout for research samples and quick taking of measurements and fin clips for analyses, I used to release fish in the fastest possible way-by throwing it into the water head first, sometimes even from two feet high bank. I used to do that to give it an extra and fast initial flow of water rich in oxygen after being stored in container with the water subject to heating. After about half to up to whole minute of processing, on releasing in that way every trout has remained inshore in the current and then shifted slowly to. midstream area and vanished out of sight, like after releasing from the hook. No one ever reported mortality after we finished work in last thirty years I worked in field, or after last 26 years I sly fished.
Lactic acid is degraded in muscles in the same speed it is formed, if not even quicker. As for surviving, its content is rarely, if not ever at all the reason of trout kill, but improper handling, with the fingers in the gills and strong bleeding. Likewise, one must have in mind that white muscles producing it rapidly in burst swimming are also supported by red muscles that work in oxygen-rich conditions and that they will successfully delay the reaching of the toxic level of lactate. What is most important is to keep fish unharmed, in water, in the landing net or in some weed to watch its recovery until releasing. That fish will likely continue its recovery that day and come to feed (and fortunately to take fly) only when it completely recovers. tHEREFORE,
Just yesterday I watched an angler land a large wild brown trout (Approx 20″) in a very small hoop net. The trout’s body was bent nearly into a teardrop shape where it remained bent for several minutes while the angler struggled to unhook it. Common sense strongly suggests that this can harm the trout. Using a net large enough that acts like a fish pen instead of a too-small straight jacket should be a no-brainer. If you are still using a small 10 X 14 net with a shallow net bag and using it to land larger trout. please consider buying a larger net that comfortably accommodates the biggest fish you will catch.
From Google AI:
Bending a trout’s body in a small net harms the fish by stripping its protective slime, causing scale loss, and severely stressing its internal organs and spine. This forces the fish to fold or cram into the hoop, which can permanently damage its swimming ability and significantly increase post-release mortality.
The specific impacts of forcing a trout into an undersized net include:
Spinal Trauma: The spine of a salmonid is highly sensitive. Forcing a larger fish to bend into a small 10- or 12-inch hoop can cause vertebrae misalignment, paralyzing the trout or leaving it unable to swim properly, which usually results in death.
Mucous and Scale Loss: A small net forces the fish to fight against itself and rub aggressively against the mesh. Stripping away its protective slime layer makes the trout highly susceptible to bacterial and fungal infections, like Saprolegnia.
Internal Organ Damage: Cramming a fish into a small net often means the angler must apply physical pressure to keep it contained. This squeezing can bruise or rupture internal organs and negatively impact its liver or swim bladder.
Fin Abrasion: Tangling and bending often cause severe fin fraying and splitting, impairing the fish’s ability to maneuver through currents after release.
I say throw every stocked trout you catch onto the banks for the coyotes.
Poor handling. Squeezing is always bad. And I’ve written previously about the inexperienced angler’s bad habit of squeezing the heart. (It’s extremely common in photos.)
I will second that. The one hand selfie I see ALL the time. I personally the keep trout the in the net to remove the hook, ALWAYS fish barbless. Keep them in the net and in the water. If I decide to take a photo. It is done as quick as possible. NEVER with one hand. Respect the resource.
Thanks for your comment. Respectfully, I don’t agree about one hand. I could show you hundreds of photos with one hand holds and no squeezing at all. All you have to do is find the balance point, the center of gravity, and you can easily balance the trout in one hand. I always say if they feel supported, they are calm. For brown trout this is especially true.
For the vast majority of trout I catch, a net is completely unnecessary. In fact, I find a net detrimental to the process of releasing the hook, and that is particularly true when fishing a dropper rig. Invariably the second fly gets hung up either on the trout or the net, making the whole precess more difficult. It’s simple to bring the fish to your side, slide your thumb and finger down the line to the hook give it a little shake and that’s it. Unless it’s a 16″ or more trout, the net stays on the lanyard at my back. I’d say I don’t physically touch 95% of the fish I catch.
Have you ever written an article about the choice of tippet size for your rig. I agree with a couple of the guys that heavier tippet and rod leverage will help in a faster landing of the fish in most cases. But using 6x to 8x tippet does require more angler skill with a larger trout. One more thing, when we break off, are there any impacts to that trouts survival. Have you personally ever caught a trout with tippet and a fly still in its mouth.